BBC News

Top story of today’s BBC Culture Best of the Web: Poemas del río Wang.




• BBC: The Ancient Origins of the Starbucks logo
• Poemas del río Wang: The original post

The clock of the Jews


We have already written, that the once red, now blackened porphyry columns bordering the eastern facade of St. John’s Baptistery in Florence were brought here by the Pisans after the looting of Madina Mayūrqa in 1115. This is one of the very few relics that have survived from the Muslim religious architecture of that beautiful city, about which Ibn al-Labbâna sung like this:
This city has taken from the dove her collar
   and the peacock clothed her with her feathers,
The water of her fountains is like wine
   and her courtyards are similar to goblets.
Among the visitors of the Duomo of Florence probably not many know about the exotic origin of these columns that came so far away from their homeland.


Similarly, he who stops in front of the city hall of Palma, and looks upon the clock dominating the facade and exactly sounding the bells in the bell tower lurking from the top of the building, probably does not know the legend about its origin, one of the strangest legends among those spread about the Jews settled in Mallorca:
Post destructionem Hierusalem, tempore Helii Adriani […] Quo tempore omnes maiores rabini iudeorum docti in Legi mosayca appicuerunt cum suo navigio Maioricis cum horologio quod tenebant Hierosolimis, quod est hodie in turri Maioricarum que dicitur Horarum, quam post conquistam Maioricarum per regem Jacobum effectam christiani edificaverunt iungendo et campanam quam antea iudei non habuerunt. (G. Llompart and J. Riera i Sans, eds.: „La Historia de Sancta Fide Catholica de Benet Espanyol (1548): la primera història dels jueus de la Ciutat de Mallorca”, Fontes Rerum Balearium, III (1979-1980), pp. 141-194)
That is, as Benet Espanyol writes in his Historia de Sancta Fide Catholica (1548), it was none else but the most erudite rabbis fleeing after the destruction of Jerusalem in Emperor Hadrian’s time, who brought the clock from the one end of the Mediterranean to the other, from the Temple of Jerusalem to their new homeland, Palma. To be exact, the author refers to the clock which in his time indicated the hours at the top of the Clock Tower standing next to the Victoria Chapel of the Dominican church and monastery. The monastery was built at the edge of the Jewish neighborhood, in the place of the plots and houses appropriated in 1231 by James I from the local Jews, and it was destroyed in 1837, irrationally and in a haste, just a few days before the arrival of the decision from Madrid prohibiting its demolition. The Clock Tower still stood for a few years, but as its condition was getting worse, in 1849 they saw it advisable to break it down, and to move its old bell together with the clock on the facade of the city hall. The clock bears the date of 1849, but the present mechanism is in fact from 1862: then the old clock was replaced with the new one, brought from Paris, which has since shown the exact time.

The environment of St. Dominic’s Church and the Clock Tower on the map of Palma by Antonio Garau (1644) (enlarge). María Barceló in a recently published study in Bolletí de la Societat Arqueològica Lul·liana (n. 68, 2012, 27-33.) has provided a comprehensive overview of the vicissitudes of the clock and the clock tower in the Middle Ages: “Notes sobre la Torre de les Hores i el rellotge de la Ciutat de Mallorca”.

We do not know any more about the legendary clock and the erudite rabbis. It is certain only that since 1385 or 1386 they have signaled with a bell the hours of the day and night (and later the quarter and half hours, too) here, in the highest place of the town. As the bell was cast by a silversmith named Pere Figuera, and since 1512 the clock was supervised by another Figuera, Bartomeu, who transmitted his office also to his son, so the bell tower is still called “En Figuera” – “the Figuera” – in the city. In 1680 the bell cracked and had to be re-cast: this is the one we hear now. The clock is now managed by master Pere Caminals, nephew of my grandmother’s sister, and son, grandson and great-grandson of illustrious watchmakers of Palma.



El reloj de los judíos


Contábamos hace tiempo que las columnas de pórfido rojo, hoy ennegrecidas, que flanquean la fachada oriental del baptisterio de san Juan, en Florencia, fueron llevadas hasta allá por los pisanos después de saquear Madina Mayūrqa en 1115. Es uno de los escasísimos restos que se conservan de la arquitectura religiosa musulmana de aquella hermosa ciudad que cantó Ibn al-Labbâna:
Esta ciudad le ha robado el collar a la paloma,
   y el pavón la ha vestido con sus plumas.
es como el vino el agua de sus fuentes
   y sus patios son copas.
Ciertamente, serán muy pocos quienes al acercarse a la catedral de Florencia recuerden la exótica procedencia de unas columnas tan desubicadas.


Del mismo modo, quienes se paran a mirar la fachada del ayuntamiento de Palma y ven el reloj que la preside y que hace sonar —puntualísimo— las horas en la campana que solo se atisba encima del edificio, ignoran lo que se cuenta de su origen: una de las leyendas más curiosas entre las muchas relativas a los judíos que se establecieron en Mallorca:
Post destructionem Hierusalem, tempore Helii Adriani […] Quo tempore omnes maiores rabini iudeorum docti in Legi mosayca appicuerunt cum suo navigio Maioricis cum horologio quod tenebant Hierosolimis, quod est hodie in turri Maioricarum que dicitur Horarum, quam post conquistam Maioricarum per regem Jacobum effectam christiani edificaverunt iungendo et campanam quam antea iudei non habuerunt. (G. Llompart y J. Riera i Sans, eds.: «La Historia de Sancta Fide Catholica de Benet Espanyol (1548): la primera història dels jueus de la Ciutat de Mallorca», Fontes Rerum Balearium, III (1979-1980), pp. 141-194)
En efecto, tal como cuenta Benet Espanyol en su Historia de Sancta Fide Catholica (1548), fueron nada menos que unos sabios rabinos huidos de Jerusalén en tiempo del emperador Adriano quienes llevaron consigo de una punta a otra del Mediterráneo, hasta su destino final en Palma, un reloj. Se refiere en concreto al reloj que por los años en que el autor escribe estas líneas estaba en lo alto de la Torre de las Horas, erigida al lado de la capilla de la Victoria del desaparecido convento e iglesia de los dominicos. El convento se había levantado en el lugar de unos terrenos y edificios otorgados a los judíos en 1231 por Jaime I y acabó irracional y velozmente derruido en 1837, solo unos días antes de que llegara una orden de Madrid que hubiera evitado su demolición. La Torre de las Horas aguantó en pie algunos años más, pero su mal estado aconsejó el derribo en 1847, y la colocación de la vieja campana, al año siguiente, junto con un nuevo reloj que lleva la fecha de 1849, en el edificio del ayuntamiento —pero en realidad el aparato actual es de 1862, pues pronto hubo que cambiarlo por otro construido en París con tan buena mecánica que dura hasta hoy—.

clic para ver los detalles de la manzana con la Torre de las Horas al norte de Santo Domingo– María Barceló acaba de publicar en el Bolletí de la Societat Arqueològica Lul·liana (núm. 68, 2012, 27-33) un artículo donde repasa las vicisitudes del reloj y la Torre de las Horas de Palma durante la Edad Media: «Notes sobre la Torre de les Hores i el rellotge de la Ciutat de Mallorca».

Del legendario reloj de los rabinos nada más sabemos, pero lo cierto es que desde 1385 o 1386 un reloj con una sonora campana toca todas las horas del día y de la noche (y los cuartos y las medias) en la parte alta de la ciudad. Como la campana fue fundida inicialmente por un platero llamado Pere Figuera, y luego otro Bartomeu Figuera se encargó del reloj desde 1512 —y aun legaría el oficio a su hijo—, hoy sigue siendo conocida por todos como «En Figuera». En 1680 se resquebrajó y hubo que refundirla: esta es la que podemos escuchar desde entonces. Ahora se ocupa del reloj y del toque de las horas el maestro Pere Caminals, nieto de una hermana de nuestra abuela paterna, y bisnieto, nieto e hijo de relojeros de Palma.



Beginning of a beautiful friendship

Two members of the German Polizeidivision giving fire to a captive Black soldier of the French army, Paris, May 1940

Mao Tse-tung and the Dalai Lama shaking hands at the First Congress of People’s Deputies in China, 1954

Mutaciones

Diosa con piernas como serpientes (quizá Mixoparthenos), oro. obra griega, mitad del s. IV a.C., procedente de Kul Oba kurgan, de aquí

Los escitas, jinetes nómadas de origen iraní (la lengua viva más próxima es la de Osetia, perteneciente al grupo oriental del nuevo persa) aparecieron alrededor del siglo séptimo antes de Cristo al norte del Mar Negro, y tras expulsar a los cimerios pronto ocuparon la región entre los Cárpatos y el Cáucaso. A finales de la Edad Media, su memoria –junto con la de los sármatas y hunos– sólo sobrevivía en oscuros mitos del origen de algunos pueblos de Europa Central. Para la Europa antigua y medieval, su nombre servía para aludir en general, y durante largo tiempo, a cualquier pueblo nómada procedente del Este (aunque al respecto tampoco la forma usada por Heródoto aclara mucho), y la versión acadia (askuza/iskuza) que llegó al hebreo bíblico como אשכנז Askenaz, significaría los judios de Europa Central en la diáspora.

Cuando aparecen, sin embargo, son «los primeros bárbaros» de la historia de Europa, los primeros pueblos nómadas de Asia descritos en detalle por fuentes occidentales, especialmente Heródoto. Las costumbres atribuidas a los escitas, también contadas por Herodoto en el cuarto libro de su Historia (como que hacían tazas con los cráneos de sus enemigos) se convirtieron con el tiempo en tópicos de la literatura antigua y medieval europea, y se encuentran por igual en las descripciones de otros pueblos nómadas del Este.

Mixoparthenos del lapidario de Kerch.
De la actual gran exposición crimea del LVR-Landesmuseum, Bonn.

Heródoto narra varios mitos del origen escita, entre ellos uno que le fue contado «por los griegos que vivían a lo largo del Ponto». La historia dice que Heracles, cuando conducía el ganado de Gerión por el territorio de la futura Escitia, perdió las yeguas de su carro al guarecerse de una tormenta de nieve. Buscándolas llegó hasta una tierra llamada Hylaia (o Tierra Boscosa), donde en una cueva se encontró con un ser conocido como Mixoparthenos, que reinaba sobre la región. En la parte superior de su cuerpo era mujer pero tenía forma de serpiente doble en la parte inferior. Aquel ser le confesó que los caballos estaban en su poder y que, a cambio de devolvérselos, el héroe tendría que dormir con ella. Heracles finalmente engendra tres hijos –Agatirso, Gelono y Escita– con Mixoparthenos y le dice que aquel que sea capaz de doblar el arco de su padre y ceñirse como él su tahalí, merecerá ser rey de la región. Lo logró el hijo menor, Escita, antepasado de los reyes de Escitia; y así los escitas «en memoria de la copa de oro que colgaba del tahalí de Heracles, todavía llevan allí pendientes sus copas».

Octavo trabajo de Heracles: capturar a los caballos comedores de hombres del rey tracio Diomedes. Moneda de Sauromates II, rey del Bósforo, s. II. Fuente.

La extraña especie de sirena de esta historia mixta, que involucra elementos griegos y orientales, se convertiría pronto, según señala Neal Ascherson, en símbolo del Reino del Bósforo, que incluye las colonias griegas de la costa norte del Mar Negro y que contiene una mezcla cultural griega-escita-tracia, y también de su capital, Pantikapaion (hoy Kerch) hasta su destrucción en el siglo cuarto. Sin embargo, Ascherson menciona una supervivencia posterior todavía más interesante de la figura de Mixoparthenos:

«Mixoparthenos sobrevivió de otra manera totalmente práctica. Se convirtió en manilla o asa. Su cuerpo delgado, curvado hacia el exterior, pero enganchado por la cabeza y las piernas de serpiente, se convirtió en un agarradero ornamental en las asas de las tazas de cerámica al horno, o remachada y soldada en los cuellos de bronce o vasijas de vidrio. Se quedó sin nombre pero siguió siendo útil mucho después de que su ciudad se hiciera cenizas y sus hijos salieran de la historia.

Ignorada, la madre de los escitas vive aún entre nosotros. El otro día, en una de las antiguas estaciones ferroviarias de los Habsburgo en Budapest, noté algo extraño al tirar de la pesada puerta doble del despacho de billetes. En mi mano, de latón desgastado y pulido por millones de viajeros había una mujer desnuda dividida por debajo del ombligo en dos serpientes enroscadas» (Neal Ascherson: El Mar Negro)


No es la de Budapest pero se le parece. Picaporte del Virginia Center for Architecture, de aquí

Hemos buscado en vano sus huellas en las estaciones de tren de Budapest, Mixoparthenos no se dejó ver. El picaporte hallado por Ascherson debe haber sido reemplazado. Pero ni siquiera así ha desaparecido sin dejar su huella. Aunque su figura se ha ido fundiendo poco a poco con la de las sirenas normales y corrientes (más precisamente, con su vieja versión de dos colas, la melusina, de la que podríamos encontrar tantos emblemas que la representan), la matriarca escita dividida en una serpiente de dos colas todavía puede ser contemplada hoy en día en lugares tan insólitos como el logo de la cadena Starbuck de cafeterías.

La sirena del logo de Starbucks se ha ido transformando poco a poco en algo más aséptico y estilizado, quizá «cursi». Ver acerca de ello el artículo del escritor natural de Odesa Michael Krakovskiy.

Mutations

Snake-legged goddess (perhaps the Mixoparthenos), gold plaque. Greek work, mid-4th c. BC, from the Kul Oba kurgan, from here

The Scythians, these nomadic horsemen of Iranian origin (their closest living language relative is the Ossetian, which belongs to the Eastern New Iranian group) appeared around the 7th century BC to the north of the Black Sea, and by ousting the Kimmerians they soon occupied the region between the Carpathians and the Caucasus. By the late Middle Ages their memory – together with that of the Sarmatians and Huns – only survived in obscure Central European origin myths. For the ancient and medieval Europe, their name usually meant for a long time all the nomadic peoples coming from the East (although in this respect even Herodotus’ wording is not very clear), and the Akkadian version (askuza/iskuza), which went over into biblical Hebrew in the form of אשכנז ashkenaz, would indicate the Central European Jews in the diaspora.

When they appear, however, they are the “first barbarians” in the history of Europe, the first Asian nomadic people described in detail by western sources, especially Herodotus. The customs attributed to the Scythians, also reported by Herodotus in the fourth book of his History (such as making a drinking cup from the enemy’s skull), later become topoi in the ancient and medieval European literature, and we will also find them in the descriptions of other nomadic peoples from the East.

The Mixoparthenos from the lapidary of Kerch.
From the current great Crimean exhibition of the LVR-Landesmuseum, Bonn.

Herodotus narrates several Scythian origin myths, including one told to him “by the Hellenes living along the Pontus”. This story says that Heracles, while driving the cattle of Geryon in the territory of the future Scythia, lost his horses in a snowstorm. In search of them, he arrived at a land called Hylaia, where in a cave he met the Mixoparthenos, the queen of the region. The being with a female upper body and a snake-like lower body let him know that the horses are at her, but in exchange for their return, the hero had to sleep with her. Heracles finally begets three sons – Agathyrsus, Gelonus and Scythes – to the Mixoparthenos, and tells her, that whichever of the three would be able to bend his father’s bow and could put on his belt, would deserve to be the king of the region. This will be the youngest son, Scythes, ancestor of the kings of Scythia, while the Scythians, “to commemorate the drinking bowl hanging from Heracles’ belt, still wear drinking bowl on their belts.”

The eighth mission of Heracles: to seize the man-eating horses of the Thracian king Diomedes. Coin of Sauromates II, King of Bosporus, 2nd c. AD. Source.

The siren-like creature of this mixed story, including both Greek and eastern elements, as Neal Ascherson points out, soon would become a symbol, that of the Bosporan Kingdom embracing the Greek colonies along the northern Black Sea coast and having a mixed, Greek-Scythian-Thracian culture, as well as of its capital, Pantikapaion (today Kerch), until its destruction in the 4th century AD. However, Ascherson also mentions an even more interesting survival of the Mixoparthenos:

“But the Mixoparthenos lived on in another, entirely practical way. She became a handle. Her slender body, curving outwards but held in again at head and serpent-legs, became an ornamental lug baked onto the rims of pottery cups, riveted or welded to the necks of bronze and glass vessels. She remained nameless but useful long after her city had burned down and her children had left history.

No longer recognised, the Mother of the Scythians still lives among us. The other day, in one of the old Habsburg railway stations in Budapest, I felt something unusual as I pulled open the heavy double-door of the ticket-office. There in my hand, in worn-away brass polished by millions of travellers, was a naked woman divided below her navel into two coiled serpents.” (Neal Ascherson: The Black Sea)


Not Budapest, but looks like. The door handle of the Virginia Center for Architecture, from here

But I looked in vain for its traces in the railway stations in Budapest, the Mixoparthenos could not be found. The door-handle seen by Ascherson probably has been replaced. But even so it has not disappeared without a trace. Although its figure has merged with the common sirens (more closely, their two-tailed version, the melusina), the Scythian matriarch ending in a two-tailed snake still can be seen today, namely in a highly unusual place, the logo of the Starbuck coffee houses.

The siren of the Starbucks logo gradually became more and more “shy”. See about this the article by the Odessa-born Michael Krakovskiy.

The museum of propaganda


I was very happy when I first heard about the Museum of Censorship and its exhibitions of propaganda history. However, when I learned that the project is just a practice in graphic design, I realized that the museum has to be compiled by me. I have been doing this ever since. The following collection is only a small part of this ever growing museum, of all that is still waiting to be written. Look back often.

Ads in times of peace
Cartes de visite
Ottoman ads
Hungarian and French abstinence ads
Anna Csillag, apostle of hair growing
My first step for the Einem cakes
Marriage ad with wealth balance, 1907

National representation
“Palace of King Matthias” in Kassa, 1893-1943
Coronation of the last Tsar, 1896
The last Tsar in Paris, 1896

The first world war
Preparation for the war with paper soldiers
The Sarajevo assassination in the Russian press
The cut pages of the Sarajevo assassination
To my peoples
Long live the war! Soldier trains heading to the front
German and Hungarian soldiers leaving for excursion
The Pathé Brothers’ newsreel in peace and war
British and Russian war propaganda with children
German wartime children’s books
Bathing young Venus, a pleasure of children soldiers
The Krampus and the Red Devils on the front
Statues of a Hungarian and a Romanian war hero in the Carpathians
The Jews of Podhajce greeting Archduke Frederic, 1916
The Jews of Kolomea greeting Emperor Charles, 1917

Treatises of Peace
The Hutsul Republic
Hungarian coat of arms on the Croatian Parliament, 1918
The Moravians of Hultschin, who said no to Czechoslovakia
Pseudo-referendum on Subcarpathia

The Mexican revolution
Revolutionary songs from Mexico (es)
José Guadalupe Posada, illustrator of the revolution (es)
Holy images of the revolution

The birth of the Soviet Union
Photos of the February Revolution in the Dicescu collection
Retouched postcards of the February Revolution
Birth of the Soviet Union and the Council of People’s Commissars
Two New Years in Russia
Boris Kusztodiev’s processions
Boris Kusztodiev’s great leaps
Games of world revolutions for Soviet children
God is great and I’m not. Monumental statues
Tengri, the blue sky. Lenin’s head in the Altai
Lenin statues on Tsarist bases
Drawings of Soviet prisoners on Lenin
Day of Birds and other manifestations
Building and blowing up the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, 1931
Photo album of the victims of the Great Terror
1 May 1935. Nikolai Ekk’s color film
The Russian Völkischer Beobachtung, 1935
The snake in German-Russian propaganda
The great voyage from Tula to Moscow for 7 November 1937
Good wishes for Stalin’s 60th birthday, 1939

Between two wars
Petr Leshchenko and he Russian homesickness (es)
Picture catechism with the Bernadette Method (es)
Polish abstinence posters
Old book posters from Lwów (es)
Lenin, Hitler and the children
Mussolini, Perón, Franco and the children (es)
The Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union on the World Exhibition of 1937 (fr)
The second world war
Polish, German, two good friends. Cartoons, 1933-1939
German and Soviet films on the oppressed Poland, 1941 (pl)
Soviet-German poster on bombing London
The Soviet-Nazi common parade in Brest, 1939
British leaflets for Iran in the form of Persian miniatures
Soviet and German safe-conducts for the enemy
German, Italian and Soviet postcards from the front
Japanese wartime kimonos
Robert Capa’s photos on D-Day
Boris Kobe’s Dachau lager cards, 1945 (es)

The Soviet Union’s war
The entrance of the Red Army to Lwów, and Dovzhenko’s propaganda film (es)
The swift water of Cheremosh. Dovzhenko’s propaganda film on Bukovina
Cernăuți 1939 – Черновиц 1940
How they were – how they became. The Estonian government, 1940
“Catching a language” on children’s postcard
Kill King Kong!
Evgeny Haldey’s wartime photos
Soviet and German safe-conducts for the enemy
German, Italian and Soviet postcards from the front
Triangular letter from the front
Song on Katyusha (ru az)
Victorious graffitis on the Reichstag

The Nazi Germany
The Krumme Lanke housing estate for SS officers
The ideal Nazi family
Feasts in Nazi Germany
Nazi May Day, 1933
Anna Csillag, master of Hitler
Hitler, candidate for Nobel Peace Award
Pétain’s apotheosis
Eiffel Tower, 1940
German policemen with black captive
German soldiers’ photos from the Warsaw ghetto (es)
Johannes Hähle’s photos from the Eastern front: Kharkov, Lubny, Baby Yar
Photos from the German Kharkov
Nazi liberators’ memorial
Birth of the Tango of Death
On the birthday of the Generalgouvernement, 1941
Easter 1942 in the occupied territories
An ordinary day in the German Kiev, 1942
The Kiev death match, 1942
The BBC’s lies on the Kiev death match, 2012
Soviet and German safe-conducts for the enemy
German, Italian and Soviet postcards from the front
Nazi demoralizing leaflets for American and British soldiers

Hungary in the war
Our man on the Russian front
Romanian reader for the Hungarians in the restored Transylvania
Hungarian boyscout on the front
Hand-drawn front postcards from Russia
Don. A tragedy and its afterlives

Wartime talking
Russian phrasebook to occupy Estonia
German phrasebook for the Soviet army for a preventive blow, 1941
An article confirming the existence of the Russian-German phrasebook of 1941
German-Russian mechanical dictionary, 1940(?) (es)
German-Russian phrasebook for the Wehrmacht
Russian-German phrasebook on Nazi feasts, 1942
Russian manual for Germans on prisoners’ camps
Romanian reader for the Hungarians in the restored Transylvania
Hungarian-Russian phrasebook on looting, 1942
Hungarian phrasebook for a conversation with the Soviet liberators
Belgian phrasebook for a conversation with the Anglo-Saxon liberators

Postwar Soviet Union
Soviet abstinence posters (es)
Nyet! Metamorphoses of the 1954 abstinence poster
Abstinence posters in form of luboks
Russian, Nanai, two friends. Idealized relations in the Tales of Amur
Life exhibition of party photographer Viktor Ahlomov
Soviet flags in the Budapest Memento Park
Russian prison cards, 1967-81
Moscow, May Day 1983
Viktor Tsoi and the golden city
Night of the bards
Demolition of the Dzherzhinsky statue at the Lubyanka

Hungarian socialism
Lenin Song or Funeral March. Metamorphoses of a song and of a figure
Captain Ostapenko’s statue
For the 60th birthday of Mátyás Rákosi, the Hungarian Stalin

China
Mao with the Dalai Lama
Mao is alive. Photos of three generations
John Dominis’ photos in the socialist China

Vietnam
Vietnamese leaflets for American soldiers

Iran
Apotheosis of the Allies in the form of Persian miniatures
The political message of the beard
Elections in Iran, 2009
It’s winter
Shajarian: Dawn bird
The dawn gives news

Russia after the turn
Memories of the Soviet world in Alexandr Sennikov’s still lives
Front fighters’ vodka on Nazi model
The Russian embodiment of the ideal Nazi family
On the congress of the Russian Communist Party
Crisis calendar Mayakovsky-style
Anti-Coca-Cola calendar in the style of old Soviet posters
Great patriotic war against the Coca-Cola
Versions of the pointing recruiting posters
Pro-Stalin graffiti in Simferopol
Russia is for everyone. The multinational Russia, 2011
Reality show: Common breakfast of Putin and Medvedev
After the Russian elections, 2011
Stalin’s church cult in today’s Russia
Apocryphal icons in today’s Russia
May Day 2014 for Putin and the Soviet Union

Ukraine after the turn
Glory to Ukraine. A Nazi pub at Lviv’s main square
Hitler, friend of the Aryan Ukraine
The Maydan of Kiev in the night of the revolution
The fall of the statues of Lenin in the Ukraine
Trizuby Stas: Twelwe Communists. A song for the fall of the statues of Lenin

Mitteleuropa after the turn
Statue of Attila in Tulln
Slovakian mistranslations on Hungarian statues
War songs in the Balkans once and now
Red sludge of a past regime
Conspiracy of the two-tailed in Mallorca and Prague (es)
2013, the crisis is over!
Tsar of the champagnes: the Soviet champagne
Magic crown in Dunakeszi, Hungary