According to the supplement of El Jueves sued for high treason, they gave vodka to bear Mitrofan before hunting so he would compete on equal conditions with King Juan Carlos. One glimpse at the face of the king on the title page of the supplement is enough to understand what were the conditions required of the bear. However, if they really wanted to set it on equal conditions, then they should have given to it something more: a gun into the hand.
This 16th-century bear with a gun in the hand was found by Bad Guide in Julius von Schlosser’s Die Kunst- und Wunderkammern der Spätrenaissance (1908), the first and still essential monograph on Renaissance cabinets of curiosities. The mysterious term “Pisam” in the caption, as Language Hat has pointed out, is an archaic form of modern German “Bisam” meaning “musk”. The word, ultimately of Arabic origin – bašām, البشام, balm shrub, Commiphora gileadensis – is also the root of “balm” in several languages. However, the relation of the bear to musk is not reassuringly explained by Schlosser. He uses this word three times, each time in this archaic form and in quotation marks, indicating that he quotes it from a source contemporary with the bear. But he also seems to be uncertain in how they are related to each other. Next to the image he calls the bear a box for keeping musk:Dagegen werden zahlreiche Parfums, Moschus, Ambra, Räuchenpulver erwähnt, die man in Gefäßen aufzubewahren liebte, denen die Gestalt von Vögeln … aber auch von Bären, Schafen oder der Königslilie gegeben war.
On the other hand, lots of perfumes, musk, amber and incense are mentioned which people liked to keep in vessels of the form of birds or even bears, sheep or lily.
However, in note 35 linked to the word “bear” he already ambiguously writes:
Solche Tierfiguren, mit wohlriechenden Pasten belegt, finden sich noch, von der alten Ambraser Sammlung her, im Wiener Hofmuseum: Bär mit Flinte aus dem XVI. Jahrhundert (s. die Figur im Texte).
Such animal figurines, covered/loaded with fragrant pastes, can be still found from the old Ambras collection in the Imperial Museums of Vienna: a bear with a musket from the 16th century (see the picture in the text).
And for the third time he says explicitly the contrary of what he told the first time:
Auch der Bär als Flintenschütze, „aus lauter Pisam, inwendig ganz golden, mit Diamant, Rubin und Perl verziert”, ist noch vorhanden, er gehört zu jenen Nippes, die mit wohlriechender Masse überzogen, schon im Mittelalter an den Höfen beliebt waren (s. o. Fig. 14).
The bear as a rifleman “from pure musk, all golden inside, decorated with diamond, ruby and pearls” is still available: it belongs to those trinkets which, coated with some sweet-smelling mass, were popular in the courts since the Middle Ages (see the above Fig. 14).
However, it is difficult to imagine that a box made of gold and decorated with precious stones was coated from outside with an essential balm as expensive as gold and, moreover, so thick that it could be considered to be made out of it. If this was possible at all – for example with some solid mixture, which, however, contradicts the term “pure musk” – then what was the use of the gold and precious stones which thus lost their visibility? And what is that small door between the legs of the bear for if not to extract or evaporate the perfume in the box?
Our suspicion increases further if we check the source quoted by Schlosser. The catalog of Alois Primisser, Die kaiserlich-königliche Ambraser-Sammlung (Vienna 1819) describes our bear on page 232, in article 8 of chapter “Gefäße und Kleinode aus Gold und Edelsteinen. Im II. Schranke” (Vessels and valuables of gold and precious stones in cabinet II), starting with a citation from the inventory of 1596 of the collection of Ambras:
»Ain Per von lauter Pisam, inwendig gannz gulden, mit Diemant, Robin vnd Perlen versezt, mit ain gulden schüzenröckhl, so in den Dazen ain Pischsen (Gewehr), auf dem khopf ain guldins hüetl – an der seüten Pulferflaschen vnd spanner hangenndt, vorn an der Prust ain geheng unten ain Pretspül, vor den Füessen heer ain Aff, in aim Pergl versperrt, daneben ain guldiner hundt.« – Dieses niedliche, reich mit Gold und Edelsteinen verzierte Figürchen ist, wie es scheint, als Spottbild auf irgend eine vornehme Person verfertiget worden, worüber ich aber bisher nichts Näheres auffinden konnte.
“A bear of/for pure musk, all golden inside, decorated with diamond, ruby and pearls, with a golden rifleman’s outfit, a golden musket in the paw and a small golden hat on the head; a powder bottle and a musket-winder hanging on its side, a pendant on its chest, a Pretspül [Brettspiel, grid?] below; at its feet, a monkey closed in a cage and a golden dog.” – This charming figurine, richly decorated with precious stones, seems to be a mock portrait of some notable person, but I could not find anything closer about this.
Instead of “aus Pisam”, quoted by Schlosser, the source has “von Pisam” which allows for the more probable interpretation that the box was made for preserving musk. We hope to be able soon to to ascertain the truth in the catalogs of the imperial collections in Vienna, and hopefully even in the collections themselves.
One thing is sure: that the little bear comes from the
Ambras collection of Archduke Ferdinand II of Tyrol, one of the most illustrious Renaissance cabinets of curiosities. Thus, as an ancient Hapsburg rifleman, he will rightly oppose the Bourbon king to take revenge for the Spanish war of succession.
Two details of the Ambras cabinet of curiosity, from the gallery of Svetlana and Olaf Lange.Is it not a crocodile’s tail hanging from the ceiling into the picture?
We do not know when and where the bear of Ambras was made. Its relatives, however, are well known. Not far from Ambras and about the time of the foundation of the collection, between 1542 and 1546 Hans Gieng and his workshop erected their
famous eleven fountains on the Marktgasse in Bern. And the city, famous for its mercenaries – predecessors of the Swiss Guard –, whose name means “bear” in Berndütsch, ordered the fountains to be decorated with musket-bearing bears.
Among the several fountains of Bern, however, there is one that does not represent the bear in the form of an armed Swiss mercenary. True, even here it is standing at the foot of a soldier and is busy with his helmet. But it does not look like it wanted to put it on: but rather as if searching for something in it.
This bear is a lover of peace and of a humanist education. It obviously knows well the Emblemata of Andrea Alciato published just ten years before. How else would it know where to look for what bears before and since Winnie the Pooh have kept looking for: honey.
EX BELLO PAX En galea, intrepidus quam miles gesserat, & quae Saepius hostili sparsa cruore fuit: Parta pace apibus tenuis concessit in usum Alveoli, atque favos, grataque mella gerit. Arma procul iaceant, fas sit tunc sumere bellum, Quando aliter pacis non potes arte frui. | FROM WAR, PEACE See this helmet, once worn by a fearless soldier and often spattered with enemy blood. After peace was born, it was given up to bees for narrow hive, to hold honey-combs and honey. Let weapons lie far off; it is right to embark on war only when you cannot otherwise enjoy peace. |
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