The Etruscan bronzes of San Casciano

A new exhibition at the James-Simon-Galerie in Berlin offers a vivid glimpse into how the Etruscans used their votive figurines, showcasing one of the most sensational Etruscan finds of recent years: the bronzes of San Casciano.

San Casciano dei Bagni, officially one of the most beautiful small towns in Italy, is located in Tuscany, within the UNESCO World Heritage site of Val d'Orcia, 70 kilometers southeast of Siena. With its 42 abundant hot springs, it is the largest thermal zone in Italy and the third largest in Europe. Before the Roman expansion, the area belonged to the Etruscan city-state of Chiusi. According to Livy, the Balnea Clusina was discovered and developed into a therapeutic bath by King Porsenna of Chiusi. The bath remained popular throughout the Etruscan and Roman periods, with Horace even mentioning it in his Satires.

Etruscan funerary urn from Bettola, near San Casciano (debated in literature whether original or a 19th-century forgery)

With the decline of the Roman Empire and its bathing culture, most of San Casciano’s thermal baths closed, though some are still in use today. Over the Bagno Grande, the Medicis built a new bath in 1575, during which several Etruscan-Roman relics were found. The exhibition includes an altar dedicated to Apollo, Asclepius, and Hygieia—the gods of healing—along with a statue of a Bathing Aphrodite (a popular Hellenistic sculpture type mentioned by Pliny as Venus Daedalsas), and numerous small bronze votive statues.

 

In 2018, new excavations began in the Bagno Grande area. Notably, the entire excavation was funded by the municipality, and in return, the archaeologists published their latest results at the town hall and regularly held guided tours of the excavation site.

The excavations led to sensational results during the Covid (2020-2022). Next to the still-functioning bath, an Etruscan bath sanctuary was uncovered, dating back to the 3rd century BCE. For seven centuries, bathers hoping for healing continuously enriched the site with bronze and other votive offerings.

The earliest items, dating from the 3rd century BC to the 1st century AD, were found under a layer of terracotta tiles, on top of which a bronze lightning bolt had been placed. This suggests that the bath was struck by lightning in the 1st century CE. According to ars fulguratoria, the Etruscan “lightning interpretation”, objects kept in sacred spaces had to be buried when such a strike occurred. From then on, votive objects were placed on top of the tile layer, continuing until the 4th century.

Bronze lightning bolt placed over votive objects

This ritual preserved for us many authentic Etruscan artifacts, even before Chiusi’s culture and language transitioned from Etruscan to Latin around the time of Christ’s birth. Some of these items bear donor inscriptions in Etruscan script. According to these inscriptions, the primary deity of the bath was the source goddess Flere Havens in Etruscan, or Fons Calidus  in Latin. Alongside her were honored deities such as Fortuna Primigenia, Apollo (Aplus in Etruscan), and later Asclepius, Hygieia, and Isis.

Flere Havens, Etruscan spring goddess among the buried objects, c. 150-100 BCE

 

Lucius Marcus Grabillo’s votive statue to the spring goddess, Latin inscription, 1st century AD

A small boy can be seen holding a sphere that still rolls—such spherical sculptures, even without the figures, were also found among the finds

Numerous bronze male and female portrait statues have survived, most with Etruscan-language votive inscriptions on their necks or the back of their heads.

 

Many offerings were made in the form of bronze copies of body parts awaiting healing, including anatomical details like internal organs, limbs, breasts, and even a life-sized bronze male upper torso cut in half lengthwise.

In addition to the bronze votive statues, the mud preserved remains of several crop sacrifices. Nearly 9,000 coins were also found, mostly gleaming copper coins, suggesting that the donors sourced them directly from the imperial mint.

Animal figurines were also discovered, including a lizard, symbolizing disease, which had to be symbolically killed by Sauroktonos, that is, Lizard-killing Apollo. as well as a bronze snake, likely the guardian of the sacred spring.

The sacred bath was closed in the 4th century CE, likely in a ritual manner, as suggested by the careful placement of pieces of a marble bath gate and cult statues before the burial. It seems that the rise of Christianity did not allow for the continuation of the pagan cultic bath. Regardless, it is beautiful that, after seven centuries of use, its patrons gave it a proper farewell.

The ritually broken sanctuary gate and statue of Apollo Sauroktonos