The Miao are one of China’s most colorful ethnic groups. Partly because, officially numbering ten million, they are not a single group at all, but at least forty distinct ethnic subgroups. When the Chinese government compiled the official list of ethnicities in the 1950s, it encountered so many tiny groups here in the southwestern mountains that, rather than painstakingly classify them all, it swept them together under the umbrella term “Miao.” After all, the Chinese had long used this originally derogatory label for all the little “southern barbarian” hill tribes.
The same thing happened here as we’ve described in the Dadu River valley in eastern Tibet, the so-called “ethnic corridor”: for simplicity’s sake, the state lumped all the tiny groups there under the Tibetan nationality, even though they themselves have no Tibetan identity and the Tibetans do not consider them one of their own.
When most of us hear the name ‘Miao,’ we probably think: aha, surely they live under the Woofs, and a bit lower live the Squeaks. The joke is, well, not really a joke: the ethnonym actually does have a connection to the cat. The Chinese character for Miao is 苗 miáo, which depicts a field 田 divided into four parts with sprouting plants 艹, originally meaning “sprout,” “shoot,” or “seedling.” The ethnic group took this character because of the similar sound, and Chinese tradition has retroactively interpreted it to mean that the Miao were the most ancient agricultural people in what is now China. The character for cat, 貓 māo, combines the “small animal” radical on the left with 苗 miáo as the phonetic component—essentially a “small animal” called miao/mao, presumably because of its sound.
As far as I know, this is the only Chinese animal name based on onomatopoeia. The oldest Chinese dictionary, the Shuowen Jiezi, compiled around 100 BCE, even comments on this: 鼠善害苗。貓能捕鼠,故字从苗 — “Mice destroy the crops; cats catch mice, therefore the character for ‘cat’ comes from 苗 ‘seedling.’” Quite a stretch, if you ask me—a classic lucus a non lucendo moment.
The name “Miao” encompasses at least forty ethnic subgroups, speaking roughly twelve languages and forty dialects. Since Miao women’s traditional clothing is extraordinarily colorful and elaborate, the groups are mostly distinguished by women’s dress. In Langde village, Guangzhou, the “Long-shirted Miao” live.
Langde 郎德—more precisely Shanglangde 上郎德, Upper Langde, because Lower Langde by the main road has grown into a modern settlement—is a small mountain village on the Bala River, in the Qiangdongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, at the foot of Leigong Mountain, the highest peak of the Miaoling range. The village’s diàojiăolóu houses (吊脚楼—wooden stilt houses with residents on the second and third floors) rise in layered rows from the riverbank up the hillside.
The houses at the village edge form a sort of wall with gates leading into the inner area. The lower houses enclose a square main plaza, with the community hall on one side—filled with drums, large silver village symbols, and a local history exhibit—and small shops and eateries on the other sides. Another plaza is taken up by a spacious fishpond with a stone trough in the center: traditionally used to raise fish later released into the rice fields, and also serving as a water reserve for fire-fighting. Steep streets rise from these two plazas up the hillside, then long paths lead to the village outskirts, offering beautiful views of the rooftops and the river. A covered wooden bridge of Dong type crosses the river—called a ‘flower bridge’ by the Dong, though the Chinese refer to it as a ‘wind-and-rain bridge’—but it is not as finely crafted as the authentic Dong originals.
Thanks to its intact architectural heritage and rich musical and ritual traditions, the village was among the first to receive the “Chinese Traditional Village” title in 2012.
The village has around 1,600 residents, all Miao, who speak the Hmu dialect (numbering 2.3 million speakers) of the Hmong language. They live in patrilineal extended families, practicing animism and shamanism, with nature and ancestral worship. The villagers mainly farm rice, though high educational standards mean many young people leave for the city. Most still wear traditional clothing: men in indigo long robes, women in equally indigo-based but richly and colorfully embroidered long dresses, adorned with massive silver jewelry, including bull-head chest ornaments and enormous silver headdresses with large moon-shaped horns.
In China, marriage within the clan is prohibited. So if a small mountain village consists of just one clan, as Langde does, it must create occasions for young people to meet others from neighboring villages. This necessity gave rise to Miao “welcoming festivals,” now primarily maintained to preserve identity.
Traditionally, each village held the “maiden market” on a different day, where parents ceremonially received visitors from other villages, led them to the main square, and had the girls perform dances. Under the watchful eyes of the parents, there was also a chance for private conversations. Today, the village continues this ritual, now without stakes—simply for pleasure, identity preservation, and entertaining mainly domestic tourists. Still, participants are given vouchers redeemable for cash, so attending the ritual can also be seen as a small perk.
On the morning of the festival, around eleven o’clock, the slope before the lower gate, overlooking the river and road, fills with villagers in festive attire. These are their authentic traditional clothes, often family heirlooms, with women wearing vast amounts of silver jewelry and finely crafted silver headdresses. While such silver ornaments are no longer produced, authentic traditional costumes—old or newly made—can still be purchased in the village shops.
Along the path from the river to the gate, eleven small tables are set up, each attended by two or three older women. Each table has a jug of mild fruit wine. Guests are offered two cups at each table, and at the twelfth station by the gate, an entire horn of wine, ensuring the young men are in high spirits—and perhaps slightly less judicious—by the start of the performance.
Meanwhile, the men, lined up atop the hill, start playing their qeej (pronounced kʰeing), a bamboo pipe. The qeej is the most widespread instrument among the Hmong. Not merely a musical instrument, it also encodes speech: Hmong storytellers can convey tales using only the qeej. The instrument communicates with spirits too, guiding the souls of the deceased to the afterlife, seeking ancestral counsel, and blessing the bride-viewing day.
Next, musicians and women enter the main square, followed by the guests.
Guests settle on the steps of the community hall, from where they watch hosts enter the square via various gateways, performing different dances.
The order of the dances carries meaning. The first dance is performed by the mothers, as a lead-in: “watch the mother, take her daughter”—less for the young men, more for their peers, who can thus judge how strong and agile their sons’ chosen partners will still be by the time their own children come of marriageable age.
The second dance is performed by the young girls, showcasing themselves: graceful, refined, self-presenting. The music changes: while the mothers’ dance features traditional Miao music, the girls’ dance is accompanied by modern Chinese pop—their generational language, shared with the viewing boys.
This is my third time attending the festival, and while the sequence is the same, the dances vary each time. They seem to have a vast repertoire, choosing different sets so as not to repeat themselves.
Between the girls’ dances, a little girl emerges from a shop, dancing joyfully down to the older girls, waving her arms in practice for her future role.
The third performance is the grandmothers’ chorus, welcoming guests and embedding the earlier dances into tradition.
Fourth, the fathers enter, walking the square with bamboo pipes, communicating with ancestors, seeking blessings for the matchmaking day.
Finally, to the call of the bamboo pipes, all previous groups re-enter the square, circling to express community cohesion. At this point, the viewers join in, just as young men in the past would join their chosen girl and converse under their parents’ watch.
What do we see here? A cynical European might dismiss it as a tourist show. But let’s not be so sure. Suppose the Chinese enjoy their own traditions and experience them for their own pleasure, much like people in Transylvania at a dance house. The joy and enthusiasm are palpable. Tourists do show up, but even in January, with only one or two visitors, the performance goes on. And it would take place even without tourists—the presence of an audience is incidental. The costumes are real, everyday traditional wear; the dances are authentic. Modern pop music does appear, but only to show the living nature of the tradition. And the fact that participants receive money from the local government doesn’t diminish the ritual’s authenticity. If only elsewhere, even in Eastern Europe, authorities would support traditions and strengthen minority identity through their lived experience in this way.